Enron’s Questionable Accounting Practices

Enron used multiple strategic partners to help cover up their accounting schemes. Houston law firm Vinson ; Elkins’ top client was Enron. The law firm wrote opinion letters supporting the legality of the deals Enron was making even though they were illegal. Additionally, Arthur Andersen LLP was Enron’s auditor. More than 100 employees at Arthur Andersen were dedicated to Enron’s account. The firm was a major business partner of Enron and some Arthur Andersen executives accepted jobs with Enron. Some believe there was a conflict of interest.It is also believed Andersen was influenced to destroy auditing documents because of the large consulting fees Enron paid them. Also, Merrill Lynch, one of the largest investment banking firms, was also a contributor. They reportedly helped in a scheme of Enron’s to improperly record their earnings in 1999 through the sale of Nigerian Barges. Andrew Fastow, Enron’s Chief Financial Officer, is believed to be the ma stermind behind the partnerships used to hide the $1 billion debt that led to Enron’s bankruptcy.He defrauded Enron and its shareholders to make Enron look more profitable than it really was (â€Å"Castalar Articles†,  2005). Castalar Articles (2005) says, â€Å"People have described the organizational culture of Enron as being arrogant. Enron’s compensation plans seemed less concerned with generating profits for shareholders than with enriching officer wealth. Enron’s corporate culture reportedly encouraged flouting or even breaking the rules. Enron's focus shifted from working hard and being successful, to taking short cuts to stay successful.Former CEO Jeffrey Skilling is seen as the mastermind behind Enron’s fraudulent accounting. Skilling has been quoted as saying Enron could make â€Å"a kazillion dollars† in a new accounting scheme. He is also reported dumping 39 percent of his Enron stock before the company disclosed its financial troubles. † I think it is easy to say what we would have done in this situation. We would all like to believe we would have done the right thing and report the company and its CEO as well as the CFO. I know that I would have not stayed with a company I thought was acting unethically.If I had been hired to audit Enron, I would certainly not have swept things under the rug, destroyed documents or accepted bribes. I do not believe this behavior helps anyone in the end. If there would have been some honest reporting and accounting the company would have most likely been successful. However, due to greed and selfishness the company was driven into collapse. Source: Castalar articles. (2005). Retrieved from http://articles. castelarhost. com/enron_questionable_accounting_leads_to_collapse. htm

Tata Ace- Case Study

MARKETING STRATEGIES ASSIGNMENT â€Å"TATA ACE† CASE STUDY 1) Why do we feel Tata Motors was targeting LCV (Light Commercial Vehicle) segment under commercial segment for TATA ACE? – – – Better highway systems like the Golden Quadrilateral meant that Commercial vehicles in 45+ Tonnes could carry bulk loads covering large distances in shorter time and at lower per tonne per km cost. Government also went about the task of improving road network between medium sized cities and also building all weather tertiary road network covering rural towns- only smaller and rugged vehicles could operate on these roads ( Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadhak Yojana).Increased congestion & pollution in most of the cities forced the government to regulate the movement of Large/ Heavy trucks (larger than four tonnes) in the cities. Tata motors considered the above primary factors in determining the need for large commercial vehicles for the highways and smaller sub 4 Ton category co mmercial vehicle for operating on both Inter city/ Town and Intra city road network.Ruling out the possibility of developing large commercial vehicles due to the high cost of development and fearing loss of revenues from their niche standard size truck segment, Tata motors decided to develop TATA ACE targeting the Light Commercial Vehicle Segment. Also helping their decision process were some key policy initiatives: – Discouraging the use of Old. Polluting & uneconomical vehicles Scrapping of >15 years old vehicles Ban on overloading of vehicle. ) Highlight the Key outcome of Market Research which was conducted before launching TATA ACE and do we think there was a gap which can be addressed by a Product like TATA ACE? Market research involving interviewing of over 4000 truck and three wheeler operators across the length & breadth of the country highlighted the following needs, though there was a section which opined that even a three wheeler under TATA banner would be welcome d by the market: (i) Owning price of the vehicle should not exceed INR 200,000/(ii) Fuel Efficiency. Reduce â€Å"per ton per km† cost. iii) Maneuverability of three wheeler but with higher level of a. Safety b. Durability c. Ruggedness d. Reliability e. Higher payload f. Comfort of a four wheeled truck. (iv) And finally â€Å"Personal Motivation† to drive a four wheeler to enhance the status of operators in the society and thereby create transportation entrepreneurs . Tata Motors addressed all the key requirements of the market with TATA ACE, A four wheeler with economical pricing, Fuel Efficient engine, pay load of 1750 kgs and built in safety features including enhanced comfort. ) How was Segmentation & Targeting done for TATA ACE? As a Functional segmentation, Tata motors decided that the ACE would address the spectrum of LCV to transport 750 – 1500 kgs over 100-200 kms and position it between the Rickshaws/Cart and Pick up trucks; meeting the functional nee ds of different customers. They also further segmented this functional segmented customers into four groups viz. , – Performance sensitive (7%) o Interested in status, Brand image and speed o Willing to pay higher prices for features Current owners/ operators of larger SUVs or cars. – Balanced perspective (25%) o Return on Investment o Comfort and features o Owners – Entrepreneurs o Purchasing three wheeler, due to absence of an alternative. – Return on Investment sensitive (55%) o Per Ton per Km cost o No value for Non-monetary purchase considerations o Generally fleet owners/ operators- who hired drivers – Acquisition price constrained (13%) o Lacked credit o Could not afford for slightly expensive vehicles. o Prefer three wheelerFinally they identified a group that could not afford any motorized vehicle; using bullock & horse carts, cycle rickshaws, manual pull carts. However this group over time can move up and be a TATA ACE customer. Based on functional & customer segmentation and also considering potential growth of the market , TATA Motors estimated and targeted: – 45% of the ACE’s customers planning to purchase 3 Wheeler – 15% from potential pickup & LCV purchasers – and 40% from first time CV purchasers. 4) Explain the Marketing Mix 4P's [Product, Price, Place, Promotion] strategy adapted for TATA ACE?Product: TATA ACE was designed to address three major customer needs in terms of product ie. , – Overloading capability – 2 cylinder water cooled engine, based on the proven Indica diesel engine – Safety, Comfort and aesthetic considerations Price: Though the price apparently was higher at ` 225,000 as against ` 100,000-200,000, they addressed the Per ton per km cost. Tata Ace would cost Rs. 6. 70 for delivering one ton of goods over per km as against `7. 88, their nearest competitor could offer and segment average of ` 8. 54. Place:Tata motors decided to roll out in phas e beginning with 5 states in Western and Southern parts of India; where the demand for three wheelers were high. They also benchmarked distribution network against two & three wheeler dealer network. Based on the data, they developed new dealership format called 1S (Sales), as against traditional 3S dealership network. Each existing Tata Motors 3S Dealer (Sales, Service & Spares) was required to set up 8 to 20 1S centers in their region and staff them with existing employees. Within 3 months 300 new distribution points were set up.Promotion: Tata motors used both Print and TV media to position and promote the product. – Chota Hathi – Symbol of Power, Reliability and â€Å"Mini† product A boy rushing to school, Wife seeing off for the day, Off to Work in Tata Ace and Going to School in Tata Ace. Also their positioning statements viz. , o India’s first Mini truck o Small is Big o Stability & Trust of big truck o Economic liberation o Feel good about jab o T ransportation at the last mile 5) What is the current trend of TATA ACE. Who are their competitors and suggest a future steps taken for TATA ACE?Present day competitors are : – Mahindra Gio – Mahindra Maxximo – Piagio Ape Mini Truck Force Trump Minidor. A few steps suggested for TATA ACE to continue to be the top seller are: – Continue to innovate and ring in changes to make the vehicle more fuel efficient. Increase engine torque to demonstrate performance in hilly regions Continue to control costs and offer competitive price to customers Increase Go Green initiative with increase in ENG and Electric drive variants Target export market aggressively; with both features and better pricing.

American Industrial Worker

Andrea October 19, 2010 A. P US HISTORY During 1865-1900 technological changes as well as labor unions had great impact on the average American industrial worker either it be positive or negatively in the sense that workers were abused and underpaid to the point where their needed to be change. Technology was advancing steadily and new inventions were being introduced to industry at a rapid pace. With that, a new breed of machines used for manufacturing would be operated by the American worker thus creating tension with workers and employers due to them not seeing eye to eye.Technological innovation created more jobs but because most machines were labor saving devices, fewer workers could produce more in less time thus having workers being paid based on time rather than the time spent on the job. This affected the American industrial worker in the sense that they could no longer decide when to begin and end the workday, when to rest and what tools and techniques to use further depriv ing the worker’s of their independence.Since machines and the assembly line were of great use they reduced the need for skilled workers causing employers to cut wage costs by hiring more women and children. Due to employers lowering wages this just caused workers to work even harder and longer just to maintain the same income further showing the abuse they endured. Labor unions were a result of the loss of independence, desire for better wages; hours and working conditions the American industrial worker were deprived of.This caused workers to unite under the same cause and fight for what they believed their deserved. Groups such as the Knights of Labor believed they could eliminate conflict between workers and employers by establishing a cooperative society in which laborers worked for themselves, not for those who possessed capital but though a great goal for workers technological and economic changes made it impossible for each worker to be his or her own employer.Most labo r unions were a failure and didn’t really achieve much for workers and strikes stirred up due to these movements which only ended badly and without gains for workers. Technological innovations as well as labor unions though interconnected greatly impacted the life of the American industrial worker. Lowered wages due to the idea of efficiency machines provided further burden on workers causing labor unions to promise better wages and working conditions though not a success the idea of wanting to help workers impacted them positively and negatively.

Literature review of Fourteen Foorces of Magnetism Essay

Literature review of Fourteen Foorces of Magnetism - Essay Example It was built as a result of a lack of a real hospital in that location which led to the death of many local people with emergency medical conditions. Being the first and best hospital on the area, St. Luke’s has one of the biggest positive images in that society and its respect surpasses all. It is with this image that made it be accredited as an inpatient rehabilitation unit (the only national one in that area) by the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF). Most of the forces of magnetism in this organization are consistent with their intent. Some however have inconsistencies which according to research may be as a result of the organization being alone and of its kind for a long time and hence had enjoyed market monopoly and even when another hospital was unveiled, no changes were made and no one seems to notice these inconsistencies. One of the inconsistencies is in the fourth force about personnel policies and programs which advocated for competitive salaries and benefits. In the organization, this is not the case and most nurses especially are underpaid compared to the work they perform daily. Even though the organization strives to achieve force thirteen about interdisciplinary relationships being valued and upheld, doctors still look down upon other members of the health care team due to their differences in qualifications. This however does not seem to affect the overall quality of the health care being provided by the organization (Malloch and O’Grady, 2010). The consistencies in force of magnetism have made the organization gain a lot of support from the surrounding community and this has improved the image of not only the hospital in general but also of its medical personnel. The fact that the hospital puts the needs of the community first at all times and even forgets about the needs of its own staff especially on

The comparison of Lukoil & BP Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The comparison of Lukoil & BP - Case Study Example The company registered thelargest trading volumes among foreign companies tradedon the London Stock Exchange (IOB) in 2005 and at home, the Russian Trading System - also in 2005. Sales coverage includes the 59 regions Russia and 16 other countries -Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine, Finland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Serbia, Romania, Czech Republic, Estonia, and the USA. Distribution operational capacity stood at 199 tank farms and 5,405 gas stations by the end of the year 2004. This includes 779 Mobil gas stations throughout the USA (LUKOIL, 2006a). BP was formerly known as British Petroleum and is a British energy company with headquarters in London. After merging with the Amoco Corporation, the company was named "BP Amoco". After a single year of joint operations, the company drop the Amoco name and BP now stood for "Beyond Petroleum". The company is regarded as one of the oil, natural gas and petrol leaders in the world. In the 2006 Fortune Global 500 list of companies, BP was ranked 4th in the world for turnover with sales at $268 billion which was down from 2nd in 2005 and 1st among oil companies the. The 2006 Forbes Global 2000 ranked BP as the 8th largest company in the world with profits in 2005 amounting to $22.341 billion. The number of service stations stood at 28,500 with 15,900 based in the USA alone. Proven reserves amount to 18.3 billion barrels of oil and gas (57/43 percentage distribution). The company is active in 26 countries with production activities in 22 of them. (BP, 2006b) Methodology In this paper, we will be comparing which company between LUKOIL and BP is more investment equitable. BP, having been in the business since 1889 (Amoco), has established itself as the foremost leader in the global oil industry as we have seen in the company's profile. However, as we will be seeing later, LUKOIL has seen a tremendous growth in performance. The BP, being well established in the industry, has certain advantages over LUKOIL such as business management expertise honed by years in the industry and a larger market share and production capacities. But this edge may very well be overcome with the current performance of LUKOIL. To determine which of the two will be more equitable, we will be looking into the financial health of the company especially the equity returns. We will also be considering the economic trends and the political factors that affects the profitability of LUKOIL and BP as these are major determinants of the risk involved in investing in the company.. Special focus will be given to the developments in Russia, which have contributed to the tremendous growth of LUKOIL. Equity Profile LUKOIL Return on Equity Profile (LUKOIL, 2006c): 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Equity, mln USD 12,385 14,000 17,472 20,811 26,804 Net Income, mln USD 2,109 1,843 2,571 4,248 6,443 Return On Equity, % 18.4 14.0 16.3 22.2 27.1 BP OIL Return on Equity Profile (BP, 2006a): _________________________ 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Equity, mln USD 63,251 68,254 75,524 81,456 86,647 Net Income, mln U

Knowing Your School and Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Knowing Your School and Community - Essay Example Martin of Tours Fife campus on August 30, 1993, at 2323 54th Ave. E. Fife, WA 98424. All Saints School conducts CTBS (California Test of Basic Skills) and WASL (Washington Assessment of Student Learning) tests as per the state education department’s assessment standards. The CTBS is a computer-based test that provides a ranking on the national level of a specific grade. The average national score for CTBS is 50% to rank a student’s score. The WASL is a written test where a student has to reach a certain standard of marks, which is a percentage score of the students taking the test to achieve the standard set by the state education department (http://www.allsaintspuyallup.org/info_test_scores.htm). All students are supposed to reach the grade-levels set by the Catholic Archdiocese, matching with the recommended Washington state â€Å"Essential Academic Learning Requirements.† Complete information on the grade-level expectations is given in the Parent/Student Handbook also (http://www.allsaintspuyallup.org/info_grade_level_exp.htm). Students get trimester report cards where progress report on each subject is displayed for improving the performance so that they know their strong and weak areas. Generally, students score above the state and national averages in the tests given from time to time (http://www.allsaintspuyallup.org/brochure.pdf). Report cards don’t provide a complete view of a student progress. A meeting with the teacher provides a clear picture of the progress of a child in totality. Parents are intimated of any such meeting to discuss the issues concerning a student’s report card is required. Students are given admission without any discrimination on the basis of race, sex, color, national and ethnic origin, age, and any physical handicap.  

Senior Class Gift Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Senior Class Gift - Essay Example Finally, in September 2006 the Young Alumni Trustee was named but the reorganization had left the members of the Senior Class Gift Committee with no clear responsibility The Young Alumni Trustee is a position on the Board of Trustees that is granted to a graduating senior each year. The successful program had been in effect since 1996 and each member that is awarded the position serves a three-year term. By April 2006, the selection committee had settled on two finalists, Cathleen Doan and Brian Levin. The winner was to be announced at commencement ceremonies on May 20. On April 25, 2006, students received an e-mail re-opening the application process and encouraging students to reapply. The selection committee justified their actions based on low student interest and lack of diversity among the applicants. Doan and Levin were still considered finalists, but Laurie Musgrove, Vice President of University Advancement, said they were seeing if "other students should be joining them as finalists". Robin Warde, Interim Director of Alumni Relations, said the concern was the small number of original student applicants. Warde noted that only 5 members of the class of 2006 had been interviewed and said, "something different needed to be done". It was apparent that the board had been remiss in addressing this problem sooner. According to Warde, they had been concerned over lack of participation in previous years. Musgrove and Warde, however, waited until the finalists had been selected to make the last minute changes. Musgrove had some misgivings and expressed the "wish that timing could be different". She continued to encourage Doan and Levin to stay in the process and viewed their withdrawal with "disappointment and dismay". Before commencement ceremonies, the Board of Trustees took control of the nominating process after overriding the previous decisions made by the nominating board. President Ronald Machtley and BOT Chairman Thomas Taylor headed the new selection committee. No winner was announced at that time. In September 2006, the Bryant University Board of Trustees (BOT) named Saddi Williams as the 2006 Young Alumnus Trustee at their annual meeting during Homecoming Weekend. The BOT also established the Bryant Senior Advisory Council (BSA), a 30 member committee comprised of students that will be the pool for next year's applicants. Warde has made a commitment to working with students all year and promoting a wide representation on the BSA. The controversy that began in April 2006 had not gone away by September. The creation of the BSA created another debate over the Senior Class Gift program. During the summer of 2006, Shannon Maldonando and I (Amr Zawawi) worked to develop a "comprehensive plan for the 2007 Senior Class Gift". However, on September 22, 2006 the President's office released a press statement that said, "The Bryant Senior Advisory Council shall also act as a core group to engage the senior class in developing a plan for their class gift". This resulted in confusion and further divisiveness surrounding the role of Moldanado and I in the gift selection process. The controversial changes that began in April 2006 had continued to linger and in attempting to correct past problems resulted in creating new controversies. Summer Plans The Senior Class Gift Committee had made a decision to begin working on the project at the earliest possible date. We all

INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example For example, Apple Inc was on the verge of destruction in the 80’s and 90’s because of the huge competition from arch rival Microsoft. However, the company was able to introduce some innovative products such as iPhone, iPad, iPod, etc at the beginning of 2000. The rest is history now. Apple Inc. is currently the most valuable technology company in the world and they are the second largest in terms of market capitalization. According to Rigby et al, (2009, p.2), â€Å"innovation is both a vaccine against market slowdowns and an elixir that rejuvenates growth†. On the other hand knowledge management (KM) is the process of discovering, developing, utilizing, delivering, and absorbing knowledge inside and outside the organization. The aim of KM is to meet current and future needs of an organization (Poorebrahimi et al., 2012). As in the case of innovation, the ultimate aim of KM is to improve the competitive power of an organization. If knowledge is the raw material, data will be the finished good for an organization. If data are the building blocks, then knowledge is the finished house. In short, knowledge management is extremely important for an organization. This paper analyses the importance of innovation and knowledge management in improving the competitive power of modern organizations. ... These phones are modifications of Samsung’s previous smartphone; Galaxy S2. In other words, S3 and S4 can be described as examples for incremental innovation. On the other hand, Apple has introduced world’s first touchscreen phone (iPhone) at the beginning of 2000. No other phones available in the market had touchscreen technology at that time. Therefore, iPhone can be described as an example for radical innovation. â€Å"Incremental innovation modestly improves a firm’s products or processes or fine-tunes its business model. Radical innovation significantly improves existing products and services or replaces them with new ones† (Susman et al., 2006, p.16). Radical innovation occurs less frequently than incremental innovation since radical innovation is an expensive act compared to incremental innovation. There are two types of organizations in the market; leaders and followers. Leaders always develop innovative and new products whereas followers try to im itate those products. For example Apple was the first one who innovated the touchscreen phone. Samsung, Sony, Nokia and many other mobile manufacturers followed the path of Apple after watching the success of iPhone. According to Tellis et al (2009), radical innovation is crucial to the growth of firms and economies. Both radical and incremental innovations are necessary for an organization to sustain its competitive power. However, radical innovation seems to be more effective in improving the competitive power of an organization. According to Rubera, & Kirca (2012), radical innovation is more effective than incremental innovation. For example, Microsoft is one company which introduces many innovative products such as Windows XP, Windows 7 and Windows

A critical discussion of the urban experience in relation to the issue Essay

A critical discussion of the urban experience in relation to the issue of gender - Essay Example ‘Men and women’s conception, experience, and use of urban space is different’ (McDowell, 1983: 59). Bondi claims that ‘urban space creates, imposes, reflects and distinguishes divisions between men and women’s experiences, control and use of public and private spaces in urban environments’ (1998: 161). The study of gender and geography has, since the late 1970’s been interested in the differing experiences of men and women in the city. For example, feminist geographers including McDowell (1983) and Darke (1996) have investigated how land use in the city has impacted on the way men and women live their lives, and how the role of gender impacts on the day to day experiences of men and women within the urban environment. This essay aims to explore how gender roles are played out within urban spaces. ‘Women writing on cities have arrived at differing conclusions’ (Darke, 1996: 88). Wilson (2001) for example experiences cities as exciting and liberating public environments and an escape from patriarchal imposed identities. However, she also acknowledges that ‘in recent years feminist have argued that there could never be a female flanuer†¦urban scene was at all times represented from the point of view of the male gaze: in painting and photographs men voyeuristically stare, women are passively subjected to the gaze’ (Wilson, 1992: 56). The differing viewpoints between feminist geographers themselves highlight the complex nature relating to studying gender in the urban environment. ... Male domination led to men being the rulers, decision makers, generals and cultural leaders. Women were often subjected to domestic roles, hidden from public space. The introduction of women’s voting rights and gender equality laws went some way to rebalance gendered experience of the city as the 20th Century drew to a close. ‘However, even though legal barriers to women’s access to jobs and particular buildings have been removed, women are still excluded and made to feel uncomfortable in public space’ (Darke, 1996: 92). For example, Cockburn (1983) highlights how women receive not so subtle behavioural signals that tell them they are trespassing on the territory of men, e.g. wolf whistles on the street, sexual harassment in the work place and street posters depicting half naked women. Various authors including Darke (1996: 88) and Lewis et al (1989: 215) have highlighted that zoning patterns, based on stereotypical gender roles have created divisions betwe en gendered experiences of the city, in which men control public space, hence becoming more specialised and important components of identity in the public sphere, whilst women are confined to private spaces. This is emphasised by Bondi ‘an important association remains between masculinity, public space and the city, on the one hand, and between femininity, private space, and the suburbs on the other hand’ (1998: 162). The ‘city of zones’ therefore compartmentalises activities such as work, leisure, travel and home life. Women are primarily seen as wives and mothers, whilst men are viewed as the breadwinner, whose job it is to go out into the public realm to earn a living and provide for ‘his family’. Darke’s (1996)

Fast food restauran Essay Example for Free

Fast food restauran Essay For each category I analyse I will show the male and female results in comparison then summarise what I interpret from the results below. Due to the fact that there are more females in Stotfold than there are males. The females preferences will have a larger bearing on any possible fast food restaurant to be developed. As there are unequal results from both genders I have converted my results to percentages before showing them on the graph. Visit Frequency Below is a bar chart comparing the visit frequency of male and female. I have shown the data on a bar chart because it is easier to compare. Male and female do not differ significantly as far as visit frequency is concerned. Most customers visit a fast food restaurant every two weeks, which, if there are enough customers, is sufficient to keep a fast food business afloat. Most Important Feature The bar chart below shows what both male and female consider to be the most important feature of a fast food restaurant. This just confirms what the general analysis stated: that if a business is to succeed its customers must have confidence in its hygiene. The bar chart below shows a comparison between male and female fast food type preferences. The females main preferences are already well catered for in Stotfold. Kebab shops are, however , hard to find in this area and are highly popular among males. If a Kebab restaurant opened in Stotfold it could target male customers, although I have noticed that it is not just younger males that enjoy kebabs as one might have expected. Cost The chart below shows what male and females expect to pay for a fast food meal for one. This chart shows that more men are prepared to pay more for their meal than women. I think this can be shown more clearly so here is another chart showing the same information but with different price categories. This shows that the majority of males expect to pay over i 4 whereas females expect to pay below. This shows the male market is more profitable providing production and retail costs are kept to a minimum, 4) Place Information about Stotfold Stotfold is a growing town. The development of new houses in the area means that by 2004 the population will have risen by nearly 25%. The population of Stotfold in 2000 was 6680. In 2004 it is estimated that it will rise to 8180. There are also plans to develop a leisure centre in Stotfold, which may attract even more people to the area. Stotfold is on the border between Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire; there are many fast food restaurants in Hertfordshire, including large franchises, which would pose a threat to small companies opening up in the area. In my research I have collected information from Bedfordshire but the well-established businesses in Hertfordshire should be taken into account when deciding to start a new company in the area. There is an area of land on the outskirts of Stotfold by the old doctors surgery. It has planning permission and there is a possibility of a Sports facility being put up there. It is on a main road so has good access and a cycle path leading past the area. It would be extremely expensive to develop this land but if a new Sports facility were to be opened there it may be possible to incorporate a new restaurant on the complex. Below is a map showing the location I referred to. The area is within the shaded rectangle.

Assignment on Human Trafficking and Prostitution

Assignment on Human Trafficking and Prostitution Human trafficking and prostitution both are not new issues to get noticed. In south Asian countries, human trafficking and prostitution are getting out of focus as if there is no right called human right. Bangladesh is one of the south asian countries where human rights are not developed yet. Human trafficking, especially in children and women, has been increasing in Bangladesh. This criminal business is linked with the globalization and this business is growing across the world. Human trafficking, in fact, is a trade in human flesh, particularly when girls fall prey to it.  [1]  After the trafficking part, prostitution comes in second. Most of the time it has been seen that trafficked women or children works as prostitution in other countries. Some over 25,000 women and children are trafficked out of the Bangladesh to other countries every year, which is very alarming for Bangladesh.  [2]  In terms for human trafficking and prostitution women and children are the most common victims than men. Bangladesh is called a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾sourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ country as men, women and children from poorer and vulnerable families are collected and smuggled out of India, Pakistan, UAE, Europe, America etc.  [3]   As a developing country Bangladesh is not aware of the Human Right (trafficking or prostitution) which is mandatory for a civilized nation. Bangladeshi government is not taking effective steps to get rid of human trafficking and prostitution problems. In Bangladesh mainly poor people are getting involved into that problem. Lack of proper monitoring, controlling and effective implementation of law against human trafficking and prostitution are the root causes of that problem. There are enough laws in Bangladesh on human rights but most of them are inactive that is why criminals are getting chances to do more crime. Because of poor execution of laws most the victims are not getting right justice. If Bangladesh government takes efficient steps to minimize that problem then the human rights will be survived otherwise proper civilization can not be made for Bangladeshi people. HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND PROSTITUTION IN BANGLADESH Human trafficking involves transporting people away from the communities in which they live by the threat or use of violence, deception or coercion so that they can be exploited as forced or enslaved workers for sex or labor. When children are trafficked, no violence, deception or coercion needs to be involved, it is merely the act of transporting them into exploitative work constitutes trafficking.  [4]  The Constitution states that each individual is entitled to choose her own profession/occupation or trade. Taking advantage of the vulnerability of the poverty-stricken or opportunity seeking people, unscrupulous persons (flesh traders) force, entice, lure or sell minors and other gullible persons into prostitution. They make them execute affidavits in front of false magistrates/impersonators stating that they have gone into prostitution of their own volition and they are over 18 years old. Most reports emphasize that, in recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of children and women being trafficked from Bangladesh into India and other countries. The causes of trafficking and the factors leading to this apparent increases in recent years are multiple and complicated. These factors are embedded within the socioeconomic structure of the country and require an in-depth analysis. According to the trafficking record it has been seen that there are some group which are becoming victims, those groups can be categorized as poor women and children, abandoned women, widows and separated women, girls of broken families, migrants, ethnic minorities.  [5]  Those trafficked victims are used for forced labor (domestic work, farm work, and factory work), forced sexual service (prostitution, barmaids, work in sex tourism industry and pornography), begging, smuggling, organ sale, camel jockeying. In Bangladesh there are some approaches of human trafficking some of those are selling a person by family members, neighbor, and friends, luring out a person with a promise of job or marriage, kidnapping a person. Most of the cases women and children are generally recruited from rural areas or small towns. In the transshipment process they are handed over and taken over by numerous procurers, brokers and intermediaries, usually not known to authorities as ones with criminal. Traffickers usually take help of local people and villagers to identify poor families. Traffickers operate in an internal network having agents make contracts with unsuspecting women and children around bus and train stations. Prostitution is legal in Bangladesh but according to our culture and community system that does not go with Bangladesh. According to the law Female prostitution with minimum age 18 is legal. Male prostitution is illegal. Female prostitution is legal, Male prostitution is illegal, although local NGOs claimed it is common in the major cities. The authorities generally ignored the minimum age of 18, often circumvented by false statements of age, for legal female prostitution. The government rarely prosecuted procurers of minors, and large numbers of underage girls in prostitution worked in brothels. Local NGOs estimated the total number of female prostitutes was as many as 100,000. The UN Childrens Fund (UNICEF) estimated in 2004 that there were 10,000 underage girls used in commercial sexual exploitation in the country, but other estimates placed the figure as high as 29,000. Trafficking of women internally and internationally remained a problem 6. As many as 10,000 children were used in brothels for commercial sexual exploitation, and procurers of minors were rarely prosecuted. Government corruption greatly facilitated the process of trafficking. Police and local government officials often ignored trafficking in women and children for commercial sexual exploitation and were easily bribed by brothel owners and pimps. Trafficking and Prostitutions Routes in Bangladesh: 6 US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2008 Human Rights Report: Bangladesh, 7 Rahman Mahfuzur , Human Trafficking: Children and Women are the worst victims. (Bangladesh: News Network, 2004). P. 25 Bangladesh and India have 4,222 km of common borders stretching over 28 districts of Bangladesh. According to sources, Brahmanbaria, Chittagong, Chuadanga, Comilla, Coxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Bazar, Dinajpur, Jessore, Jhenaidah, Joypurhat, Jushtia, Lalmonirhat, Meherpur, Chapainawabganj, Nilpahar, Panchagarh, Rajshahi and Satkhira are the districts through which children and women are frequently smuggled out of the country. Now this trafficking and prostitution are not included in just India, now speeded in other countries as Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Japan 7. Purposes of Human Trafficking and Prostitution in Bangladesh: Bangladesh is not a developed country so many sufferings are here for people. Poor people suffer a lot as food problem, health problem, sanitation, cloth problem, education problem and some other sufferings, there is no end. From these problems those people get involved in unethical works. Some part of the people take chances of suffered people and use them for trafficking or protection. So the number of trafficked and prostitute are increasing in Bangladesh day by day. Poverty is certainly driving rural young women to cities. They take job in the garment factories or work as housemaids or in any other sectors. Their employers sexually abuse and harass them and finally drive them thus loosing chastity to the profession of prostitution. Prostitution is not a new phenomenon in Bangladesh. Religion although does not permit prostitution, its law does not prevent a woman from becoming a prostitute if she likes to be. This oldest institution having enrooted deep in the society can not be a bolished overnight. None can, however, define human prostitution simply as the use of sexual responses for an ulterior purpose. This would include a great portion of all social behavior, especially that of women. It would include marriage, for example, wherein women trade their sexual favors for an economic and social status supplied by men. Being repressed under growing economic crises, women and minor girls are forced to engage in prostitution for survival. More and more children are joining this profession. While most of them initiate this profession under the repression of economic hardship they are exposed to several vulnerabilities. They are forced to share their hard-earned money with a third party. Guardian such as elder sisters, brothers, parents are accepting this profession. It is difficult to have the statistics of floating and hotel sex workers since they neither have any particular locations nor do they maintain any registration. It is important to ensure proper implem entation of the laws regarding the rights of the sex workers and to ensure their total liberty so that they can take as many clients as their bodies permit. However, Hotel sex working is an emerging dynamics of sex working in Bangladesh in terms of the rate and volumes with the declining trend of brothel sex with the subsequent eviction of the oldest and biggest brothels in Bangladesh. Law against Human Trafficking and Prostitution: Laws and rules are available in Bangladesh but problem is the execution of law is the main problem. We do not practice what is according to the law and rules. The power of law is bit low here that is why the crime and corruption rates are increasing in Bangladesh day by day. In the case of trafficker and business of prostitution, laws are not becoming very effective against that. Under Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Suppression of Violence Against Women and Children act (2000) trafficking of women and children is illegal. Harsh penalties are prescribed for traffickers. However, this law is frequently not implemented and fails to safeguard the rights of people who have been trafficked.  [6]   Most of the trafficked women in Bangladesh end up as young prostitutes. Young girls from poor families, lures by offers of jobs, marriage, invariably land into brothels on both sides of the border. According to the suppression of immoral Trafficking Act 1933, provides for punishment for forcing a girl into prostitution. In Section 11 of the Act provides a penalty of maximum three years of imprisonment or fine or both9. RECOMMENDATION Human Trafficking and Prostitution is not a local problem but global problem. Bangladesh government is aware of the problem of trafficking and has taken up measures to prevent it. One such measure is the strengthening of border posts. However, the sheer length of Bangladeshs border with India and Burma makes it impossible to prevent people crossing the borders. Another measure is the strengthening of legislation and increasing punishments for trafficking. There are some steps which can help to minimize the social problem of Human trafficking and Prostitution which are mentioned below: Strengthening laws against unethical works (trafficking, smuggling etc.) Increasing Government monitoring system and controlling system. Permitting more NGOs and social agents to increase awareness (A uniform plan of action on the issue of trafficking of women and children involving the governments and NGOs of the region needs to be developed, so that a coordinated approach toward the conviction of traffickers is possible) Minimizing the rate of corruption and fulfilling the basic rights of human being. Increasing media exposure and social awareness activities.(for example medias reporting and social activities on creation of awareness have been effective in making people aware of the deceptive mechanisms adopted by the agents of trafficking.) Government can take measures by which people have complete control over food and livelihood. Increasing the Awareness-raising Program, Monitoring and Support Services to victims. CONCLUSION The trafficking issue is closely linked with the human rights issue with important ramifications in the area of health, law-enforcing, and socioeconomic development in general. Poverty, attitudes toward women and deeply-entrenched gender discrimination, unemployment, cultural norms about marriage, well-organized national and international networks of traffickers, and weak law-enforcing agencies are few critical factors relating to trafficking of women and children in Bangladesh. This criminal activity cannot be addressed through tougher laws alone. Several legislations, including the Women and Children Repression Prevention Act, 2000, already provide penalties for violence against women and children, including trafficking and kidnapping. Yet, implementation of these legislations remains a formidable challenge. In Bangladesh social and economic vulnerability of women and children have left them with only a few options to eke out a livelihood. For that reason crimes are incr easing as well as Environmental degradation, ecological erosion all these systems further accelerate the process. So the traffickers are taking advantages of that situation also prostitution business is getting higher. The government must take effective measures to defeat the rising problem of human trafficking and prostitution.

Syd Barrett :: essays research papers

Born on January 6, 1946, Roger Keith Barrett was raised in CambridgeEngland. He was given the nickname "Syd" as a youngster, while attending the city's High School, where his friends included Roger Waters and David Gilmour, and it stuck with him as he grew up. In his late teens, after his father died, he started producing paintings and music. He was an originating member of The Abdabs, The T-Sets, Sigma 6, and other names such as The Meggadeaths, in 1965. He worked with people like Bob Close, Roger Waters, Nick mason, and Richard Wright. When Bob Close left the band, Syd renamed the group The Pink Floyd Sound, named after the cover of an album of two american bluesmen, Pink Anderson, and Floyd Council. Syd wrote almost everything for The Pink Floyd Sound, then The Pink Floyd finally renamed just Pink Floyd), he played guitar, sung, and wrote the music and the lyrics as well. The other Cambridge native forming The Pink Floyd were Roger Waters (bass), Rick Wright (keyboards), and Nick Mason (drums). Within weeks the new line-up had rehearsed at the Thompson Private Record Company, a tiny studio sited in the basement of a house in Hemel, Hampstead. Here they recorded two songs; an original hinged to the Gloria riff entitled Lucy Leave and a version of Slim Harpo's I'm a King Bee already made famous by the Rolling Stones. At first, The Pink Floyd were a much more conventional act that the act into which they would evolve, concentrating on the rock and R&B material that were so common to the repertoires of mid-'60s British bands. Syd's influences were the Stones, Beatles, Byrds and Love," the group's first manager, Pete Jenner, told Nick Kent, adding at Barrett wore out his copy of the last-named group's debut album. "I was trying to tell him about this Arthur Lee song I couldn't remember the title of, so I just hummed the main riff. Syd picked up his guitar, followed what I was humming, and went on to use the chord pattern he worked out for 'Interstellar Overdrive'. Pink Floyd then began to experiment, however, stretching out songs with wild instrumental freak-out passages incorporating feedback, electronic screeches, and unusual, eerie sounds created by loud amplification, reverb, and such tricks as sliding ball bearings up and down guitar strings. In 1966, they began to pick up a following in the London underground; onstage, they began to incorporate light shows to add to the psychedelic effect.

Essay --

CHAPTER 2 CAUSES OF MENTAL HEALTH AND THE BURDEN ON THE POOR Lack of awareness has made mental illnesses appear mystical. Some people suffer from mental disorders since birth(mental retardation) while some develop the disorders overtime(mental illness).Mental illnesses result from complex interactions between the mind, body and environment. Factors like long-term and acute stress, biological factors such as genetics, chemistry and hormones, use of alcohol, drugs and other substances, cognitive patterns such as constant negative thoughts and low self-esteem, social factors such as isolation, financial problems, family breakdown or violence are the scientific causes of a mental illness. (http://www.mentalhealth-matters.com.au/resources/ID1367819089.pdf) But rural people in India in general and tribal populations in particular, have their own beliefs and practices regarding health. Some tribal groups still believe that a disease is always caused by hostile spirits or by the breach of some taboo. They therefore seek remedies through magico-religious practices. (Current health scenario in rural India, Ashok Vikhe patil, K.V.Somasundaram and R.C. Goyal) This is an inevitable consequence of the barriers in seeking timely and effective treatment for mental illness in rural India: unavailability of mental health services, low level of literacy, socio- cultural barriers, superstition stemming from traditional and religious beliefs, stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness. About 75% of health infrastructure, medical professionals and other health resources are localised in urban areas where 27% of the population live. The poor penetration and the basic nature of rural health is also attributed to lack of health litera... ...urden increasing to 15% by Disability Adjusted Life Year( DALY) * (Mental health services in rural India : challenges and prospects by Anant Kumar) Mental illness constitutes nearly one sixth of all health-related disorders. With the population on a rise, altering values, life-style, unemployment and frequent instability in incomes, lack of social support and increasing insecurity, it is predicted that there would be substantial increase in the number of people suffering from mental illness in both urban and rural areas. In order to get rid of the vicious cycle of poverty feeding into mental illness, there is a need to think of mental health as a development priority instead of just a concern of public health and human rights. †¢ * DALY – it is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the numbers of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death.

Sybolism Of The Overcoat Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symbolism- a literary device used frequently to contribute to the complexity of a work. In â€Å"The Overcoat†, by Nikolay Gogol, uses symbolism throughout this entire work. He uses the old dressing gown to represent his old life, and the new overcoat to represent his new life. The symbols affect the plot and the characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The old dressing gown represents his old life. It is plain as is Akaky Akakievich. He never does anything even halfway exciting. Most of the time he sits around copying things to practice for his job, which is by coincidence being a copier. The old coat is boring and so is Akaky Akakievich. His agenda is normally get up and go to work and then come back home and go to bed. The old coat is about to fall apart as is Akaky Akakievich. However, he is about to fall apart mentally the coat is falling apart physically. Akaky Akakievich is going to fall apart mentally due to the extreme amounts of teasing he endures at work from all of his colleagues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The new overcoat represents his new life. This new coat is shiny and polished up and makes people respond to Akaky Akakievich now. The way people respond to him is a warmer more comfortable way. Just as the coat is too him, warm and comfortable. Akaky’s promotion may have to do with the fact that his new overcoat cost a lot of money and a more important position is cause for a more respectful look. The new overcoat may have been ...

World War I and Sherri L. Smith

During World War II, women didn’t have a say concerning the perilous event that led countries to fight and caused death that’s unforgettable. All they could do is sit back and donate necessary items that are needed while others joined the military. Even though the women never received any recognition of the hard work, they contribute for the freedom and rights like any man would which was put into many effort, sweat, and tears showing that they also play a vital role for their country. In the historical fiction book, Flygirl by Sherri L. Smith, the readers look though the eyes of a colored girl named Ida Mae Jones as she uses her light skin to pass as a white due having a fervent desire to join the Women Airforce Services Pilots (WASP). Despite the consequences that might occur throughout the two hundred and seventy five pages, Ida Mae will do anything to join WASP due to her father and the passion to help her country. Ida Mae Jones who’s a Louisiana girl always had the passion to be up in air since her father came home with a pilot license in his hand and even after his death, she still has the desire. When the Americans enter War World II, the government starts to recruit women pilots to fly non-combat missions which cause Ida to join due to the desire to fly and help her enlisted brother instead of cleaning homes during the weekends while also being helpless. The only problem that stands n her way is being colored but due to her being light skinned, the situation is solved the situation; however, the realization that a new name and outfit can’t really hide who a person really is. Throughout the book, Ida Mae Jones experiences the pain of losing a close friend physically and mentally, the burden that comes from denying one’s identity and family, and the forbid able relationship with a white man.

Peak – Time Executions as a Television Spectacular

Peak – time Executions as a Television Spectacular Peak-time Executions As a Television Spectacular by Ellen Goodman. Written for The Washington Post in America in 1954 and later published in the British newspaper The Guardian Weekly on April 1, 1984. The article is about how the murderer James David Autry wants his execution to be on the television and Goodman asks questions to whether or not it is okay to show the spectators that kind of violent spectacular and how it will affect them.Obviously this article was meant to create a debate when it was published those many years after in Britain. If we take a look at the different executions that occur in the article, then we get a pretty good view of how the articles main interest and opinion is negative and wants to show that it has done nothing but bring out the bad in people. Watt Espy who is an historian of capital punishment at the University of Alabama Law Center believes and has heard that violence only brings more violen ce – â€Å"[†¦] has collected tales of the violence begat by violence† (p. ll. 1-2). He gives an example of how the execution of two men in Attling, Georgia. leads to a fight between the spectators and ends with a man being killed. He states – â€Å"This was not unique† (p. 2 l. 3). By that he tells us that it was not uncommon at that time to have consequences like that happen during an execution. The people at that time didn’t handle the rush of the spectacle and of the â€Å"show† very well. It got to them and the influence of the bad situation would spread and affect the spectators.Another example of an execution giving by Goodman is when she talks about one of the last time that the public could watch an execution in America. It was August 26, 1936 that Raine Bethea was hung in front of a crowd of 10,000 people in Owensboro, Kentucky. Goodman describe the execution before and after, like it was some kind of concert or entertainment show that the spectators were about to watch. â€Å"Through the early hours of that day, â€Å"Hawkers squeezed their way through the crowd selling popcorn and hot dogs. Telephone poles and trees were festooned with spectators†. (p. 1 ll. 12-13) It reminds me of a circus, where you can buy hot dogs or an outdoor movie theater with popcorn, also Goodman writes that a vivid account by Time Magazine showed that the night before the execution of Bethea, the spectators had gone to hanging parties and drinking like the execution was something to look forward to. â€Å"By 5 o’clock, â€Å"the crowd grew impatient, began to yip, â€Å"Let’s go, bring him out†. † (p. 1 l. 14) Again the crowd shows the influence of what was going on. The bad situation had a violent effect on them.It made them seem and act almost crazy by the things Goodman describes – â€Å"At 5. 28 there was a swish, a snap. † Soon the spectators crowded in and â€Å"eager hands clawed at the black death cloth†¦ The lucky ones stuffed the bits of black cloth in their pockets†. † (p. 1 ll. 16-17) The quote says that â€Å"the lucky ones† got to go home with a piece of clothing from Bethea after he was dead, as proof that they had witnessed the execution. The way that the reaction to Bethea’s execution gets described is very harsh and cynical, like the spectators had forgotten their humanity and compassion.It is an example like this that makes Goodman bring it up. It shows how wrong it is and what impact seeing an execution can have on people. She sees no reason for bringing such a spectacle up again. For example this quote says that if we go back to the way it was back then it would most likely result in videos of the state-approved murders – â€Å"As we resume the march of state-approved murder, it seems likely that television reporters will soon be allowed to bring tools of their trade – cameras – into the death chamber, the way print reporters bring pencils† (p. ll. 21-13) â€Å"Indeed, if others have their way, we may yet tune in on death. Live at Five. We may enter the death chamber through the living room. Once again we may become spectators at executions† (p. 1 ll. 5-7) – Again when she writes â€Å"once again† she refers to it as going around 50 years back in time to when it was executions on the streets. She also uses irony with the â€Å"live at five† because it makes it sound like it was any other television show and that we could watch death â€Å"through the living room†, that doesn’t sound very appealing.By saying things like that she uses the irony to make people think about what this actually means, which is watching another human die as â€Å"entertainment† on the television in your own living room. In the article Goodman also write about arguments for and against showing executions on televisions, but not her own arguments though. â€Å"Some who favour capital punishment as a deterrent to crime are convinced that watching an execution would scare criminals straight. Some who oppose capital punishment believe that the sight would enrage the public† (p. 1 ll. 3-25) as the quote says an argument for, could be to scare the criminals so they could see what could happen to them. And an argument against could be that it would only have a bad effect on the public. â€Å"There’s no scientific way to prove in advance the effect of televised executions on crime [†¦ ] but we do know something about the effect on the â€Å"audience†. We do know something about spectators from the old days† (p. 2 l. 12, ll. 13-14) – Goodman knows that there is no way to prove what effect it would bring but she see no reason to try and test it. The descriptions of his death were graphic enough† (p. 1 l. 1) – When writing about Autry, Goodman clearly states her op inion towards the subject which if the executions should be on television or not. Like the descriptions of how Autry’s execution went in details weren’t enough? She is saying that it should be enough. That showing it on television would be over doing it. Hearing about how someone takes a man’s life on purpose would be hard enough but to actually see it happening with your own eyes would be horrifying.

A balance scorecard analysis of compaq computer corparation

Compaq which comes from two words COMPatibility And Quality was founded in 1982 by Rod Canion, Jim Harris and Bill Murto with each of them investing $ 1,000 as starting capital for the organization.They tapped two key marketing executive from IBM company (Jim D’Arezzo and Sparky Sparks) in the early eighties who really helped in the positioning of Compaq as a household brand name in its early years with the assistance of other executives such as Ross A. Cooley, Michael Swavely, Mr. Colley.  Over the years, it grew to become one of the most successful PC manufactures company with a commanding market share and knocking out some of its competitors along the way. However it later merged with its biggest competitor in 2001.GROWTH OF COMPAQHaving being founded in 1982, Compaq announced its first product (Compaq Portable) in November 1982 which was released to the market in 1983. this was a start with a success being able to sell out 53,000 units in its first year at a price of $29 95. This was the start of the rolling of f of a number of its product which included the Compaq Deskpro in 1984, the Compaq Deskpro386 in 1986 and the Systempro (a server) in 1989. Compaq Deskpro 386 was an even bigger success and a mile stone as Compaq was able to set itself as a supplier of choice making IBM lose its image of technical leadership.The early 90s was Compaq dominating the market for servers driving off quite a number of competitors off the market in a price war. The late 90s was Compaq buying other technology companies becoming the second largest computer maker in the world.Things changed in 2001 as Compaq went into a merger with Hewlett-Packard changing their symbols from CPQ and HWP respectively to HPQ. Just like every other corporate merger, the merger between Compaq and Hewlett-Packard was faced with difficulties but this was worse as the two were global giants in the technical industry with the biggest challenge being bringing them together ‘without sacrif icing the customer-centric approach that divided them’.BALANCE SCORECARD‘A balance scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used extensively in business industry, government and non profit organizations worldwide to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improving internal and external communication and monitor organization.This tends to transform the organization strategic plan from an attractive but passive document into one that the organization uses on a day basis in its decision making’. (Balance Scorecard Institute 2008)Kaplan and Norton developed and linked it to firms’ strategic objectives to performance measurement. They also recommended broadening the scope of the measures to include

Business Accounting

CHAPTER 1 Accounting: An Overview and AnalysisMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS41. Accountants refer to an economic event as a a. purchase. b. sale. c. transaction. d. change in ownership. 42. The process of recording transactions has become more efficient because a. fewer events can be quantified in financial terms. b. computers are used in processing business events. c. more people have been hired to record business transactions. d. business events are recorded only at the end of the year. 43. Communication of economic events is the part of the accounting process that involves a. identifying economic events. b. uantifying transactions into dollars and cents. c. preparing accounting reports. d. recording and classifying information. 44. Which of the following events cannot be quantified into dollars and cents and recorded as an accounting transaction? a. The appointment of a new CPA firm to perform an audit. b. The purchase of a new computer. c. The sale of store equipment. d. Payment of income taxes. 45. The use of computers in recording business events a. has made the recording process more efficient. b. does not use the same principles as manual accounting systems. c. has greatly impacted the identification stage of the accounting process. . is economical only for large businesses. 46. The accounting process involves all of the following except a. identifying economic transactions that are relevant to the business. b. communicating financial information to users by preparing financial reports. c. recording nonquantifiable economic events. d. analyzing and interpreting financial reports. 47. The accounting process is correctly sequenced as a. identification, communication, recording. b. recording, communication, identification. c. identification, recording, communication. d. communication, recording, identification. 48. Which of the following techniques are not used by accountants to interpret and report financial information? a. Graphs b. Special memos for each class of external users c. Charts d. Ratios 49. Which of the following would not be considered an internal user of accounting data for the XYZ Company? a. President of the company b. Production manager c. Merchandise inventory clerk d. President of the employees' labor union 50. Which of the following would not be considered an external user of accounting data for the XYZ Company? a. Internal Revenue Service Agent b. Management c. Creditors d. Customers 51. Which of the following would not be considered internal users of accounting data for a company? a. The president of a company b. The controller of a company c. Creditors of a company d. Salesmen of the company52. Which of the following is an external user of accounting information? a. Labor unions b. Finance directors c. Company officers d. Managers53. Which one of the following is not an external user of accounting information? a. Regulatory agencies b. Customers c. Investors d. All of these are external users54. Bookkeeping differs from accounting in that bookkeeping primarily involves which part of the accounting process? . Identification b. Communication c. Recording d. Analysis a55. All of the following are services offered by public accountants except a. budgeting. b. auditing. c. tax planning. d. consulting. a56. Which list below best describes the major services performed by public accountants? a. Bookkeeping, mergers, budgets b. Employee training, auditing, bookkeeping c . Auditing, taxation, management consulting d. Cost accounting, production scheduling, recruiting a57. Preparing tax returns and engaging in tax planning is performed by a. public accountants only. b. private accountants only. c. both public and private accountants. . IRS accountants only. a58. A private accountant can perform many activities in a business organization but would not work in a. budgeting. b. accounting information systems. c. external auditing. d. tax accounting.59. The origins of accounting are generally attributed to the work of a. Christopher Columbus. b. Abner Doubleday. c. Luca Pacioli. d. Leonardo da Vinci.60. Financial accounting provides economic and financial information for all of the following except a. creditors. b. investors. c. managers. d. other external users.61. The final step in solving an ethical dilemma is to a. dentify and analyze the principal elements in the situation. b. recognize an ethical situation. c. identify the alternatives and weigh th e impact of each alternative on stakeholders. d. recognize the ethical issues involved.62. The first step in solving an ethical dilemma is to a. identify and analyze the principal elements in the situation. b. identify the alternatives. c. recognize an ethical situation and the ethical issues involved. d. weigh the impact of each alternative on various stakeholders.63. Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one's actions are judged as a. right or wrong. b. onest or dishonest. c. fair or unfair. d. all of these.64. Generally accepted accounting principles are a. income tax regulations of the Internal Revenue Service. b. standards that indicate how to report economic events. c. theories that are based on physical laws of the universe. d. principles that have been proven correct by academic researchers.65. The cost principle requires that when assets are acquired, they be recorded at a. appraisal value. b. exchange price paid. c. selling price. d. list price.66. The cost of an as set and its fair market value are a. never the same. b. the same when the asset is sold. . irrelevant when the asset is used by the business in its operations. d. the same on the date of acquisition.67. The body of theory underlying accounting is not based on a. physical laws of nature. b. concepts. c. principles. d. definitions.68. The private sector organization involved in developing accounting principles is the a. Feasible Accounting Standards Body. b. Financial Accounting Studies Board. c. Financial Accounting Standards Board. d. Financial Auditors' Standards Body.69. The SEC and FASB are two organizations that are primarily responsible for establishing generally accepted accounting principles. It is true that a. they are both governmental agencies. b. the SEC is a private organization of accountants. c. the SEC often mandates guidelines when no accounting principles exist. d. the SEC and FASB rarely cooperate in developing accounting standards.70. GAAP stands for a. Generally Accepted Auditing Procedures. b. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. c. Generally Accepted Auditing Principles. d. Generally Accepted Accounting Procedures.71. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the cost principle? a. Reliability b. Subjectivity c. Objectivity d. Verifiability72.The ACE Company has five plants nationwide that cost $100 million. The current market value of the plants is $500 million. The plants will be recorded and reported as assets at a. $100 million. b. $600 million. c. $400 million. d. $500 million.73. All of the following are advantages cost has over other valuations except that it a. is reliable. b. can be objectively measured. c. can be verified. d. is relevant.74. The proprietorship form of business organization a. must have at least three owners in most states. b. represents the largest number of businesses in the United States. c. ombines the records of the business with the personal records of the owner. d. is characterized by a legal distinction between the business as an economic unit and the owner.75. The economic entity assumption requires that the activities a. of different entities can be combined if all the entities are corporations. b. must be reported to the Securities and Exchange Commission. c. of a sole proprietorship cannot be distinguished from the personal economic events of its owners. d. of an entity be kept separate from the activities of its owner.76. A business organized as a corporation a. is not a separate legal entity in most states. b. requires that stockholders be personally liable for the debts of the business. c. is owned by its stockholders. d. terminates when one of its original stockholders dies.77. The partnership form of business organization a. is a separate legal entity. b. is a common form of organization for service-type businesses. c. enjoys an unlimited life. d. has limited liability.78. Which of the following is not an advantage of the corporate form of business organization ? a. Limited liability of stockholders b. Transferability of ownership c. Unlimited personal liability for stockholders d. Unlimited life79.A small neighborhood barber shop that is operated by its owner would likely be organized as a a. joint venture. b. partnership. c. corporation. d. proprietorship.80. Joan and Sara met at law school and decide to start a small law practice after graduation. They agree to split revenues and expenses evenly. The most common form of business organization for a business such as this would be a a. joint venture. b. partnership. c. corporation. d. proprietorship.81. Which of the following is true regarding the corporate form of business organization? a. Corporations are the most prevalent form of business organization. b. Corporate businesses are generally smaller in size than partnerships and proprietor-ships. c. The revenues of corporations are greater than the combined revenues of partnerships and proprietorships. d. Corporations are separate legal entities organized exclusively under federal law.82. A basic assumption of accounting that requires activities of an entity be kept separate from the activities of its owner is referred to as the a. stand alone concept. b. monetary unit assumption. c. corporate form of ownership. d. economic entity assumption.83. Deb Smith is the proprietor (owner) of Smitty's, a retailer of athletic apparel. When recording the financial transactions of Smitty's, Deb does not record an entry for a car she purchased for personal use. Deb took out a personal loan to pay for the car. What accounting concept guides Deb's behavior in this situation? a. Pay back concept b. Economic entity assumption c. Cash basis concept d. Monetary unit assumption84. A basic assumption of accounting assumes that the dollar is a. unrelated to business transactions. b. a poor measure of economic activities. c. the common unit of measure for all business transactions. d. useless in measuring an economic event.85. The assump tion that the unit of measure remains sufficiently constant over time is part of the a. economic entity assumption. b. cost principle. c. historical cost principle. d. monetary unit assumption.86. A business that enjoys limited liability is a a. proprietorship. b. partnership. c. corporation. d. sole proprietorship.87. A problem with the monetary unit assumption is that a. the dollar has not been stable over time. b. the dollar has been stable over time. c. the dollar is a common medium of exchange. d. it is impossible to account for international transactions.88. The common characteristic possessed by all assets is a. ong life. b. great monetary value. c. tangible nature. d. future economic benefit.89. Owner's equity is best depicted by the following: a. Assets = Liabilities. b. Liabilities + Assets. c. Residual equity + Assets. d. Assets – Liabilities.90. The basic accounting equation may be expressed as a. Assets = Equities. b. Assets – Liabilities = Owner's Equity. c. Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity. d. all of these.91. Liabilities a. are future economic benefits. b. are existing debts and obligations. c. possess service potential. d. are things of value used by the business in its operation.92. Liabilities of a company would not include . notes payable. b. accounts payable. c. wages payable. d. cash.93. Liabilities of a company are owed to a. debtors. b. benefactors. c. creditors. d. underwriters.94. Owner's equity can be described as a. creditorship claim on total assets. b. ownership claim on total assets. c. benefactor's claim on total assets. d. debtor claim on total assets.95. Owner's equity is often referred to as a. residual equity. b. leftovers. c. spoils. d. second equity.96. When an owner withdraws cash or other assets from a business for personal use, these withdrawals are termed a. depletions. b. consumptions. c. drawings. d. credit line.97. Capital is a. an owner's permanent investment in the business. b. equal to liabilit ies minus owner's equity. c. equal to assets minus owner's equity. d. equal to liabilities plus drawings.98. Revenues would not result from a. sale of merchandise. b. initial investment of cash by owner. c. performance of services. d. rental of property.99. Sources of increases to owner's equity are a. additional investments by owners. b. purchases of merchandise. c. withdrawals by the owner. d. expenses.100. The basic accounting equation cannot be restated as a. Assets – Liabilities = Owner's Equity. b. Assets – Owner's Equity = Liabilities. c. Owner's Equity + Liabilities = Assets. d. Assets + Liabilities = Owner's Equity.101. Owner's equity is decreased by all of the following except a. owner's investments. b. owner's withdrawals. c. expenses. d. owner's drawings.102. A net loss will result during a time period when a. liabilities exceed assets. b. drawings exceed investments. c. expenses exceed revenues. d. revenues exceed expenses.103. If total liabilities increas ed by $15,000 and owner’s equity increased by $5,000 during a period of time, then total assets must change by what amount and direction during that same period? . $20,000 decrease b. $20,000 increase c. $25,000 increase d. $30,000 increase104. If total liabilities decreased by $15,000 and owner’s equity increased by $5,000 during a period of time, then total assets must change by what amount and direction during that same period? a. $20,000 increase b. $10,000 decrease c. $10,000 increase d. $15,000 decrease105. If total liabilities decreased by $25,000 and owner’s equity increased by $5,000 during a period of time, then total assets must change by what amount and direction during that same period? a. $20,000 decrease b. $20,000 increase c. $25,000 increase . $30,000 increase106. If total liabilities decreased by $15,000 and owner’s equity decreased by $5,000 during a period of time, then total assets must change by what amount and direction during that same period? a. $20,000 increase b. $10,000 increase c. $20,000 decrease d. $10,000 decrease107. If total liabilities increased by $14,000 during a period of time and owner’s equity decreased by $6,000 during the same period, then the amount and direction (increase or decrease) of the period’s change in total assets is a(n) a. $14,000 increase. b. $20,000 increase. c. $8,000 decrease. d. $8,000 increase.108. The accounting equation for Goodboys Enterprises is as follows: AssetsLiabilitiesOwner’s Equity $120,000=$60,000+$60,000 If Goodboys purchases office equipment on account for $12,000, the accounting equation will change to AssetsLiabiltiesOwner’s Equity a. $120,000 = $60,000 +$60,000 b. $132,000 = $60,000 +$72,000 c. $132,000 = $66,000 +$66,000 d. $132,000 = $72,000 +$60,000109. As of June 30, 2008, Houston Company has assets of $100,000 and owner’s equity of $5,000. What are the liabilities for Houston Company as of June 30, 2008? a. $85,000 b . $90,000 c. $95,000 d. $100,000110.Owner's equity is increased by a. drawings. b. revenues. c. expenses. d. liabilities.111. Owner's equity is decreased by a. assets. b. revenues. c. expenses. d. liabilities.112. If total liabilities increased by $4,000, then a. assets must have decreased by $4,000. b. owner's equity must have increased by $4,000. c. assets must have increased by $4,000, or owner's equity must have decreased by $4,000. d. assets and owner's equity each increased by $2,000.113. Collection of a $500 Accounts Receivable a. increases an asset $500; decreases an asset $500. b. increases an asset $500; decreases a liability $500. c. ecreases a liability $500; increases owner's equity $500. d. decreases an asset $500; decreases a liability $500.114. Revenues are a. the cost of assets consumed during the period. b. gross increases in owner's equity resulting from business activities. c. the cost of services used during the period. d. actual or expected cash outflows.115. I f an individual asset is increased, then a. there must be an equal decrease in a specific liability. b. there must be an equal decrease in owner's equity. c. there must be an equal decrease in another asset. d. none of these is possible.116. If services are rendered for credit, then . assets will decrease. b. liabilities will increase. c. owner's equity will increase. d. liabilities will decrease.117. If expenses are paid in cash, then a. assets will increase. b. liabilities will decrease. c. owner's equity will increase. d. assets will decrease.118. If an owner makes a withdrawal of cash from a proprietorship, then a. there has been a violation of accounting principles. b. owner's equity will increase. c. owner's equity will decrease. d. there will be a new liability showing the owner owes money to the business.119. If supplies that have been purchased are used in the course of business, then a. liability will increase. b. an asset will increase. c. owner's equity will decrease. d. owner's equity will increase.120. As of December 31, 2008, Anders Company has assets of $35,000 and owner's equity of $20,000. What are the liabilities for Anders Company as of December 31, 2008? a. $15,000 b. $10,000 c. $25,000 d. $20,000121. Which of the following events is not a business transaction? a. Investment of cash by the owner b. Hired employees c. Incurred utility expenses for the month d. Earned revenue for services provided122. Net income results when a. Assets ; Liabilities. b. Revenues = Expenses. c. Revenues ; Expenses. d. Revenues ; Expenses.123. Owner's capital at the end of the period is equal to a. owner's capital at the beginning of the period plus net income minus liabilities. b. owner's capital at the beginning of the period plus net income minus drawings. c. net income. d. assets plus liabilities.124. A balance sheet shows a. revenues, liabilities, and owner's equity. b. expenses, drawings, and owner's equity. c. revenues, expenses, and drawings. d. assets, liabilities, and owner's equity.125. An income statement a. summarizes the changes in owner's equity for a specific period of time. b. eports the changes in assets, liabilities, and owner's equity over a period of time. c. reports the assets, liabilities, and owner's equity at a specific date. d. presents the revenues and expenses for a specific period of time.126. If the owner's equity account increases from the beginning of the year to the end of the year, then a. net income is less than owner drawings. b. a net loss is less than owner drawings. c. additional owner investments are less than net losses. d. net income is greater than owner drawings. Use the following information for questions127–129. Jimmy's Car Repair Shop started the year with total assets of $270,000 nd total liabilities of $180,000. During the year, the business recorded $450,000 in car repair revenues, $255,000 in expenses, and Jimmy withdrew $45,000. 127. Jimmy's Capital balance at the end of the year was a. $240,000. b. $225,000. c. $285,000. d. $195,000.128. The net income reported by Jimmy's Car Repair Shop for the year was a. $150,000. b. $195,000. c. $90,000. d. $405,000.129. Jimmy's Capital balance changed by what amount from the beginning of the year to the end of the year? a. $45,000 b. $195,000 c. $90,000 d. $150,000130. The balance sheet is frequently referred to as a. an operating statement. . the statement of financial position. c. the statement of cash flows. d. the statement of owner's equity.131. The primary purpose of the statement of cash flows is to report a. a company's investing transactions. b. a company's financing transactions. c. information about cash receipts and cash payments of a company. d. the net increase or decrease in cash.132. All of the financial statements are for a period of time except the a. income statement. b. owner's equity statement. c. balance sheet. d. statement of cash flows.133. The ending owner's equity amount is shown on a. the bal ance sheet only. b. he owner's equity statement only. c. both the income statement and the owner's equity statement. d. both the balance sheet and the owner's equity statement.134. Benson Company began the year with owner’s equity of $175,000. During the year, the company recorded revenues of $250,000, expenses of $190,000, and had owner drawings of $20,000. What was Benson’s owner’s equity at the end of the year? a. $255,000 b. $215,000 c. $405,000 d. $235,000135. Ed Dexter began the Dexter Company by investing $20,000 of cash in the business. The company recorded revenues of $185,000, expenses of $160,000, and had owner drawings of $10,000. What was Dexter’s net income for the year? a. $15,000 b. $35,000 c. $25,000 d. $45,000136. Jenner Company began the year with owner’s equity of $15,000. During the year, Jenner received additional owner investments of $21,000, recorded expenses of $60,000, and had owner drawings of $4,000. If Jenner’s e nding owner’s equity was $46,000, what was the company’s revenue for the year? a. $70,000 b. $74,000 c. $91,000 d. $95,000137. Janzen Company began the year with owner’s equity of $217,000. During the year, Janzen received additional owner investments of $294,000, recorded expenses of $840,000, and had owner drawings of $56,000.If Janzen’s ending owner’s equity was $531,000, what was the company’s revenue for the year? a. $860,000 b. $916,000 c. $1,154,000 d. $1,210,000Use the following information for questions138-139.Benny’s Repair Shop started the year with total assets of $100,000 and total liabilities of $80,000. During the year, the business recorded $210,000 in revenues, $110,000 in expenses, and owner drawings of $20,000.138. Owner’s equity at the end of the year was a. $120,000. b. $100,000. c. $80,000. d. $90,000.139. The net income reported by Benny’s Repair Shop for the year was a. $80,000. b. $100,000. c. $6 0,000. . $190,000.Use the following information for questions 140–141. Berwick Company compiled the following financial information as of December 31, 2008: Revenues$140,000 Berwick, Capital (1/1/08)105,000 Equipment40,000 Expenses125,000 Cash35,000 Berwick, Drawings10,000 Supplies5,000 Accounts payable20,000 Accounts receivable15,000140. Berwick’s assets on December 31, 2008 are a. $235,000. b. $170,000. c. $80,000. d$95,000.141. Berwick’s owner’s equity on December 31, 2008 is a. $105,000. b. $110,000. c. $80,000. d. $120,000.142. Ironton Company’s owner’s equity at the beginning of August 2008 was $300,000. During the month, the company earned net income of $60,000 and owner’s drawings were $20,000. At the end of August 2008, what is the balance in owner’s equity? a. $260,000 b. $300,000 c. $340,000 d. $380,000143. On January 1, 2008, Jackson Company reported owner’s equity of $470,000. During the year, the owner with drew cash of $20,000. At December 31, 2008, the balance in owner’s equity was $500,000. What amount of net income or net loss would the company report for 2008? a. Net income of $30,000 b. Net loss of $50,000 c. Net income of $10,000 d. Net income of $50,000 Use the following information for questions 144–146.Jenkins Catering started the year with total assets of $20,000 and total liabilities of $5,000. During the year, the business recorded $16,000 in catering revenues and $8,000 in expenses. Jenkins made an additional investment of $3,000 and withdrew cash of $5,000 during the year.144. The owner’s equity at the end of the year was a. $21,000. b. $18,000. c. $8,000. d. $2,000.145. The net income reported by Jenkins Catering for the year was a. $16,000. b. $11,000. c. $8,000. d. $3,000.146. Owner’s equity changed by what amount from the beginning of the year to the end of the year? a. $15,000 b. $14,000 c. $6,000 d. $3,000147.During the year 2008, Toront o Enterprises earned revenues of $45,000, had expenses of $25,000, purchased assets with a cost of $5,000 and had owner drawings of $3,000. Net income for the year is a. $45,000. b. $20,000. c. $17,000. d. $15,000.148. At October 1, Bennington Enterprises reported owner’s equity of $35,000. During October, no additional investments were made and the company earned net income of $4,000. If owner’s equity at October 31 totals $32,000, what amount of owner drawings were made during the month? a. $0 b. $1,000 c. $3,000 d. $7,000149. At October 1, Bennington Enterprises reported owner’s equity of $35,000. During October, no additional investments were made and the company posted a net loss of $3,000. If owner’s equity at October 31 totals $32,000, what amount of owner drawings were made during the month? a. $0 b. $1,000 c. $3,000 d. $7,000150. At October 1, Bennington Enterprises reported owner’s equity of $35,000. During October, the owner made additio nal investments of $2,000 and the company earned net income of $6,000. If owner’s equity at October 31 totals $40,000, what amount of owner drawings were made during the month? a. $0 b. $3,000 c. $4,000 d. $5,000151. At October 1, Bennington Enterprises reported owner’s equity of $35,000.During October, the owner made additional investments of $5,000 and the company posted a net loss of $3,000. If owner’s equity at October 31 totals $35,000, what amount of owner drawings were made during the month? a. $0 b. $2,000 c. $3,000 d. $5,000 Additional Multiple Choice Questions152. Which of the following is not part of the accounting process? a. Recording b. Identifying c. Financial decision making d. Communicating153. The first part of the accounting process is a. communicating. b. identifying. c. processing. d. recording.154. Keeping a systematic, chronological diary of events that are measured in dollars and cents is called a. ommunicating. b. identifying. c. process ing. d. recording.155. Auditing is a. the examination of financial statements by a CPA in order to express an opinion on their fairness. b. a part of accounting that involves only recording of economic events. c. an area of accounting that involves such activities as cost accounting, budgeting, and accounting information systems. d. conducted by the Securities and Exchange Commission to ensure that registered financial statements are presented fairly.156. Internal users of accounting information include all of the following except a. company officers. b. investors. c. marketing managers. . production supervisors.157. The organization(s) primarily responsible for establishing generally accepted accounting principles is(are) the FASBSEC a. nono b. yesno c. noyes d. yesyes158. The primary accounting standard-setting body in the United States is the a. Financial Accounting Standards Board. b. International Accounting Standards Board. c. Internal Revenue Service. d. Securities and Exchan ge Commission.159. A proprietorship is a business a. owned by one person. b. owned by two or more persons. c. organized as a separate legal entity under state corporation law. d. owned by a governmental agency.160.A net loss will result during a time period when a. assets exceed liabilities. b. assets exceed owner's equity. c. expenses exceed revenues. d. revenues exceed expenses.161. The Ryder’s Uptown Grill received a bill of $400 from the Erml Advertising Agency. The owner, John Ryder, is postponing payment of the bill until a later date. The effect on specific items in the basic accounting equation is a. a decrease in Cash and an increase in Accounts Payable. b. a decrease in Cash and an increase in J. Ryder, Capital. c. an increase in Accounts Payable and a decrease in J. Ryder, Capital. d. a decrease in Accounts Payable and an increase in J.Ryder, Capital.162. James Company purchases $600 of equipment from Mundelein Inc. for cash. The effect on the components of the bas ic accounting equation of James Company is a. an increase in assets and liabilities. b. a decrease in assets and liabilities. c. no change in total assets. d. an increase in assets and a decrease in liabilities.163. Morreale Beaver Company buys a $12,000 van on credit. The transaction will affect the a. income statement only. b. balance sheet only. c. income statement and owner's equity statement only. d. income statement, owner's equity statement, and balance sheet.

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